Through there is the GNU AGPL license which is often abbreviated as AGPLv3 which is based on GPLv3.
GPLv3 makes many things more clear but not necessary better. It also includes some cases I would explicitly not include as "derived work" (or more explicit wok which will need to be GPLv3 compatible as yes the terminology changed).
> But that's only a problem if you want to be a free rider. Like Apple or Google.
No, it's a problem for many other use-cases which have nothing to do with free riding but protection of trade secrets and similar.
If you want to make sure your software is FOSS sure go ahead, but why force all the software directly around it to be FOSS, too?
I mean it makes sense for complete services and similar (like a database or the Linux kernel). But it IMHO is not very good for any kind of library.
In my opinion forceful open source is good for modifications and extensions of a given service (in the very general CS definition of a service which includes most kinds of libraries). But should be avoid to extend to any user of a service independent of the way the service is interacted with (static linkage, dynamic linkage, etc.) with an additional exception wrt. LTO.
Sure you can't sell such software well. But most FOSS software isn't meant to be sold. What is sold are products like support, service and maintenance around it and similar. There are very view companies which had success with a selling software based on a GPL vs. proprietary dual license schema as far as I know. I think, and might as well be wrong about it, that it's better to then have a license like mentioned above but restrict commercial use in some way with the option to pay to lift the restriction.
Derivation is a specific concept in US copyright law, so in fact it doesn't need to be derived in the license. But it also doesn't apply elsewhere.
So the V3 licenses use the term "modify", which they define to specifically include the more internationally-understood concept of adaptation.
Where things get more complex is in each license's concept of linking. But that's only a problem if you want to be a free rider. Like Apple or Google.