> wasting precious machine cycles on something that may not be even necessary at all.
I'm not familiar with very many scenarios where one has a garbage collector but doesn't need to free some piece of memory when it's no longer used. Could you clarify what you mean here?
For most GC algorithms (but not ref-counting), the time complexity is O(N) where N is the number of surviving objects (or it could be the number of surviving edges/references, I forgot!). For manual/deterministic/eager memory management, the complexity is O(N) where N is the number of allocated/freed objects.
So if the number of survivors << the number of allocated objects, which it always is in many functional languages, then GC can be faster than manual memory management. Especially if you use a copying GC algorithm which makes allocation extremely cheap.
This is true for those compute job types which are mostly 'CPU bound' and which usually create most of the objects that they need at the very beginning; these objects would not be released until the job is finished anyway. I admit that in this case it may take some thought and deliberate effort on the programmer's part to avoid creating many short-lived objects.
I'm not familiar with very many scenarios where one has a garbage collector but doesn't need to free some piece of memory when it's no longer used. Could you clarify what you mean here?